You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype. If theory y holds, an organization can apply these principles of scientific management to improve employee motivation. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the. Assumptions forwarded by the theories suggest the managerial style. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies.
May 02, 2017 theory x and theory y were introduced in 1960 by douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist in his book the human side of enterprise. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory x management still persists in practice. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. In yet a third setting, a combination of the two management styles will help you achieve your goals. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Theory ythe integration of goalsemphasizes the average persons intrinsic interest in his work. Were biased, but we think thats precisely where openbook management comes in. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Aug 21, 2015 this article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor.
In combination, both approaches are referred to as theory xy. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation.
Pdf comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Theory x and theory y according to mcgregor 1969, theory x and theory y explain describe the differences in management styles and the behavior of leadership. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Difference between theory x and theory y compare the. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe.
Aug 05, 2019 theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Theory x and theory y were developed to better understand the concept of management as it relates to humanemployee motivation. He assumed that the leaders in organization have diverse views on the skills and motivation of the members of organization. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory x and theory y of motivation by mcgregors external motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people.
This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control.
Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. The variables explain why in some situations, you will find the theory x management style more effective. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Theory xy remains central to organizational development, and to. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories.
Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. The theory z is a continuation of this last style, which makes it an even more participative style than the y theory. Both theories are concerned with how best to motivate employees through providing the most. Jun 25, 2019 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Management douglas mcgregor theory x and y 1 mcgregors position causes confusion for the managers who try to choose between these two conflicting approaches. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals.
Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. If theoryy holds, an organization can apply these principles of scientific management to improve employee motivation. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. Furthermore, most people prefer to be treated this way, so they can avoid responsibility. Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work.
Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations. Organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy human resource management. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Unlike, decentralisation of authority is presumed in theory y, which involves. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management.
X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Theory x and theory y definition theory x and theory y, developed by mit management professor douglas murray mcgregor, are theories of human motivation that provide a framework for how managers use behaviours and tools in the workplace to encourage productivity. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. This is one of the most famous motivational theories in management. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Managers assumptions about the behaviour of people are central to this. The x theory is also referred to as hard management style and the y theory as soft or enlightened management style. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. In others, you will find the theory y management style necessary to lead people. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and.
Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. If youre a factbased, resultsoriented, oldschool manager. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. Both of these theories begin with the premise that management s role is to assemble the factors of production. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. According to theory x, there is complete centralization of authority, in the organisation, i. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been.
Organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y,theory z are the newly introduced. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. The classical organizational approach that mcgregor associated with theory x does work well in some situations, although, as mcgregor himself pointed out, there are also some situations. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Jul 08, 2017 theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and directed toward organizational goals. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce.
Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of. Jul 11, 2017 the challenge of being a theory y manager. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
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